09 February 2023>: Clinical Research
Evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health in 729 Medical Students in Indonesia During the COVID-19 Pandemic
David Nugraha 12ABCDEF , Sovia Salamah 34ACEF* , Kevin Luke 12BE , Zefo Kiyosi Wibowo 12BCEF , Andro Pramana Witarto 12BE , Caesariska Deswima 12BE , Nabila Ananda Kloping 12BE , Bendix Samarta Witarto 12BE , Adila Taufik Syamlan 5AE , Abyan Irzaldy 6AE , Maftuchah Rochmanti 7DF , Dewi Ratna Sari 8DF , Sakina Sakina 8DF , Firas Farisi Alkaff 47ADEF*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.938892
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e938892
Table 4 Univariate logistic regression analysis for mental health problems.
Variables | DASS-21 N=718 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||||
COR (95%CI) | p value | COR (95%CI) | p value | COR (95%CI) | p value | |
Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.713 | 1.64 (1.15–2.33) | 1.49 (1.06–2.11) | ||
1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.617 | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.89 (0.80–1.0) | |||
Java Island (main island) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Other than Java Island | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 0.812 | 1.35 (0.97–1.87) | 0.076 | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 0.130 |
Preclinical student | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Clinical student | 0.82 (0.54–1.26) | 0.369 | 0.60 (0.39–0.91) | 0.017 | 0.59 (0.37–0.86) | |
Public university | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Private university | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) | 0.796 | 1.0 (0.71–1.41) | 0.986 | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) | 0.251 |
Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Good or fair | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 0.880 | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) | 0.123 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 0.843 |
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 0.555 | 0.59 (0.41–0.85) | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) | 0.125 | |
Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
6–8 h/day | 0.89 (0.55–1.46) | 0.650 | 1.32 (0.80–2.17) | 0.279 | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) | 0.513 |
>8 h/day | 0.99 (0.58–1.70) | 0.965 | 1.64 (0.94–2.86) | 0.085 | 1.61 (0.93–2.80) | 0.091 |
Full online | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Hybrid | 0.86 (0.62–1.18) | 0.340 | 0.64 (0.46–0.89) | 0.64 (0.46–0.88) | ||
Full offline | 0.76 (0.21–2.73) | 0.675 | 1.08 (0.28–4.23) | 0.914 | 0.55 (0.16–1.93) | 0.352 |
0.63 (0.36–1.09) | 0.099 | 0.71 (0.38–1.31) | 0.270 | 0.66 (0.37–1.20) | 0.175 | |
3–3.5/4 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.082 | Ref. | 0.081 | |
>3.5/4 | 0.40 (0.23–0.71) | 0.58 (0.31–1.07) | 0.59 (0.30–1.07) | |||
Never infected | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Self-isolation | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 0.926 | 1.51 (1.00–2.28) | 0.049 | 1.05 (0.72–1.55) | 0.798 |
Hospital | 1.21 (0.47–3.09) | 0.693 | 2.05 (0.67–6.31) | 0.211 | 1.30 (0.48–3.52) | 0.603 |
Never infected | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Asymptomatic-mild | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | 0.350 | 1.37 (0.91–2.61) | 0.137 | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 0.445 |
Moderate-severe | 2.93 (1.20–7.18) | 4.10 (1.21–3.92) | 7.16 (1.67–0.76) | |||
Unvaccinated | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Vaccinated | 0.68 (0.34–1.37) | 0.283 | 0.93 (0.45–1.96) | 0.855 | 0.88 (0.43–1.83) | 0.738 |
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.86 (1.26–2.76) | 1.89 (1.21–2.96) | 1.52 (1.00–2.31) | |||
Never infected | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Self-isolation | 1.18 (0.85–1.63) | 0.321 | 1.79 (1.23–2.45) | 1.50 (1.08–2.10) | ||
Hospital | 1.44 (0.95–2.18) | 0.086 | 1.49 (0.95–2.27) | 0.083 | 1.29 (0.85–1.97) | 0.237 |
Never infected | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Asymptomatic-mild | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 0.519 | 1.38 (0.97–1.96) | 0.070 | 3.28 (1.07–10.04) | 0.120 |
Moderate-severe | 1.47 (1.01–2.14) | 2.16 (1.43–3.27) | 1.62 (1.10–2.40) | |||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.07 (0.72–1.58) | 0.748 | 1.12 (0.74–1.69) | 0.605 | 1.22 (0.81–1.83) | 0.334 |
95% CI – 95% confidence interval; COR – crude odds ratio; COVID-19 – coronavirus disease 2019; DASS-21 – 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. |