20 June 2023: Database Analysis
COVID-19 Pandemic and Healthcare Communication: A Patient-Centric Evaluation of Treatment and Diagnostic Procedures in Poland
Zbigniew Izdebski 12ABFG , Joanna Mazur 2ABCDEFG , Alicja Kozakiewicz 2ABEFG* , Agnieszka Żeromska-Michniewicz 3EF , Jakub Berezowski 4AEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.940227
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e940227
Table 4 ITDP perceptions according to selected health indicators (N=1860).
| Assessment of health and medical services during the pandemic* | Perceived impact of pandemic (%) | Chi-Sq.P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No impact | Positive or mixed impact | Exclusively negative impact | ||
| Self-rated health | 2.99d.f.=4(0.560) | |||
| Poor or rather poor | 13.6 | 20.5 | 65.8 | |
| Average | 11.3 | 24.1 | 64.6 | |
| Good or very good | 13.1 | 23.6 | 63.3 | |
| Chronic conditions | 1.09d.f.=2(0.581) | |||
| Yes | 12.9 | 22.3 | 64.8 | |
| No or undetermined | 12.2 | 24.3 | 63.5 | |
| Hospital or ED stay | 4.22d.f.=2(0.122) | |||
| Yes | 12.4 | 25.7 | 61.9 | |
| No | 12.8 | 21.6 | 65.7 | |
| Healthcare within the last 24 months | 11.71d.f.=2 | |||
| Public only (NFZ) | 14.3 | 25.7 | 60.0 | |
| Other | 11.4 | 21.0 | 67.6 | |
| Financing of private healthcare | 15.03d.f.=2 | |||
| NFZ or mixed | 14.5 | 25.0 | 60.6 | |
| Out-of-pocket only | 10.3 | 20.7 | 69.0 | |
| Mode of healthcare delivery within the last 24 months | 8.95d.f.=2 | |||
| All face-to-face | 13.9 | 24.7 | 61.4 | |
| All remote or mixed | 11.0 | 20.9 | 68.1 | |
| Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 virus | 29.73d.f.=4 | |||
| No treatment or asymptomatic | 15.6 | 22.2 | 62.1 | |
| Self-treated at home | 9.0 | 21.4 | 69.6 | |
| Doctor or hospital treatment | 6.7 | 30.4 | 62.9 | |
| * The exact categories and frequencies are shown in . | ||||