20 June 2023: Database Analysis
COVID-19 Pandemic and Healthcare Communication: A Patient-Centric Evaluation of Treatment and Diagnostic Procedures in Poland
Zbigniew Izdebski 12ABFG , Joanna Mazur 2ABCDEFG , Alicja Kozakiewicz 2ABEFG* , Agnieszka Żeromska-Michniewicz 3EF , Jakub Berezowski 4AEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.940227
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e940227
Table 6 The risk factors of exclusively negative ITDP perceptions, by order of importance when entered into the binary logistic regression model (N=1765).
| Independent Variable | B | SE | p | OR | 95% CI (OR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increased focus on health problems associated with COVID-19 | |||||
| Hindered communication | 1.038 | 0.165 | 0.000 | 2.824 | 2.043–3.903 |
| Didn’t hinder communication (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Remote consultations | |||||
| Hindered communication | 0.510 | 0.126 | 0.000 | 1.665 | 1.300–2.132 |
| Didn’t hinder communication (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Change in economic situation during the pandemic | 0.000 | ||||
| Deterioration | 0.708 | 0.244 | 0.004 | 2.030 | 1.259–3.274 |
| No change | 0.284 | 0.238 | 0.232 | 1.329 | 0.834–2.117 |
| Improvement (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Level of education | |||||
| Below secondary (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Secondary | 0.371 | 0.139 | 0.008 | 1.450 | 1.103–1.905 |
| Above secondary | 0.548 | 0.147 | 0.000 | 1.729 | 1.296–2.308 |
| Type and financing of healthcare | |||||
| Self-funded private healthcare | 0.315 | 0.108 | 0.003 | 1.370 | 1.109–1.693 |
| Public healthcare (NFZ) or partially self-funded private healthcare (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Social distancing | |||||
| Hindered communication | 0.362 | 0.130 | 0.005 | 1.436 | 1.113–1.852 |
| Didn’t hinder communication (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Mode of healthcare delivery | |||||
| All remote or mixed | 0.270 | 0.108 | 0.013 | 1.311 | 1.060–1.621 |
| All face-to-face (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 18–29 | 0.383 | 0.190 | 0.044 | 1.466 | 1.010–2.128 |
| 30–49 | 0.328 | 0.142 | 0.021 | 1.388 | 1.052–1.832 |
| 50–64 | 0.378 | 0.149 | 0.011 | 1.459 | 1.090–1.953 |
| 65 or over (ref.) | 1.000 | ||||
| Constant | −2.240 | 0.323 | 0.000 | n.a. | |